Mobil Oil Australia Ltd & Well come International Pty Ltd (1998)

Questions: 1.Can a proposal in a one-sided contract be denied if the gathering has just started the presentation? 2.Whether the details of the offer certain? Answers: Introducation: Mobil presented a plan known as the Circle of Excellence Scheme so as to improve the exhibition of the establishment. He said that the establishment must accomplish 90% improvement in execution for a long time to get a free nine-year recharging of the establishment. After the expiry of 4 years, Mobil disposed of the plan and the establishments stopped to be judged. The cures looked for included legitimate activity against Mobil were started by 154 establishments; before the procedures Wellcome guaranteed reestablishment or harms for its multi year establishment. Wellcome won the earlier case under the watchful eye of the Federal Court where he guaranteed that those establishments that had accomplished 90% improvement in execution for as far back as 4 years must be treated in the way as though they had been accomplishing 90% in the rest of the years. Important laws and Principles A legitimate agreement incorporates certain fundamental components that make it enforceable under the watchful eye of the official courtroom (McKendrick 2014). These components incorporate offer, acknowledgment, thought, sureness, lawful expectation and lawful limit. Any gathering, who is happy to go into an agreement with another gathering, will make a proposal to such gathering. An offer is characterized as a declaration of availability to go into an agreement with the lawful aim to get limited by the agreement when the individual to whom such offer was made acknowledges it. The particulars of an offerBusiness Law must be clear and explicit; it must dodge any type of vagueness (Poole 2016). An offer is supposed to be acknowledged when the gathering to whom the offer was made imparts such proposal to the gathering who has made such offer. The gathering making the offer is known as the offeror and the gathering to whom such offer is and is known as the offeree. There are two sorts of agreements reciprocal agreements and one-sided contracts. Respective agreements are contracts where two gatherings go into a complementary game plan and every one of the gatherings vows to play out a demonstration as a byproduct of the different partys guarantee to do a demonstration. In respective agreements, both the gatherings are limited by every others guarantees. In the occasion where gathering submits a penetrate of either the legally binding terms or neglects to perform individual piece of their obligationn, that gathering is said to have submitted a break of the agreement (Cartwright 2016). The abused party gets qualified for pay for the harms endured by him because of such penetrate. One-sided contracts will be contracts where the offeror makes an offer and the offeree acknowledges the proposal by method of playing out their piece of the agreement. In any case, in contrast to two-sided contract, in one-sided contracts permits just one gathering to make a guarantee. Under one-sided contracts, if the gathering or the offeree satisfies their piece of the agreement, the offeror is under legal commitment to satisfy its guarantee (Willmott et al. 2013). One-sided contracts require the individual who is making the proposal to satisfy his guarantee and the individual to whom the offer is made isn't under legal commitment to play out their obligation. In Business Law, the general guideline is an offer gets revocable whenever before it is acknowledged and an agreement is shaped. If there should arise an occurrence of one-sided contracts, when the necessary demonstration is performed, acknowledgment is viewed as made. Under such conditions, it is suggested that correspondence has been deferred as was expressed in the Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1892] EWCA Civ 1. According to the standard in one-sided contract, it can't be denied once the offeree has started the necessary execution. In Australian Woolen Mills Pty Ltd v. The Commonwealth [1954], the high court held that so as to offer ascent to a one-sided contract, an offerror must make a guarantee to the offeror, which will be made in kind for the doing of the necessary demonstration. The offeror will just be kept from disavowing any proposal before the offeree acknowledges such offer, if there is an estoppels or a suggested agreement. If there should be an occurrence of one-sided gets, an individual will be kept from dropping the agreement; be that as it may, if there should be an occurrence of a penetrate of an agreement, it gets revocable (Andrews 2015). The estoppels rule shields an individual against any misfortune endured by him on account of depending on any portrayal or guarantee. In the event of one-sided gets, the rule of estoppels will be material if the renounced offer is hindering to the offeree (Furmston 2017). In reciprocal agreements, absence of thought makes the agreement unenforceable under the steady gaze of the official courtroom. in one-sided contracts there is no thought as the gathering depends on a guarantee, in this way, on the off chance that if the gathering endures, he can look for cures under the guideline of estoppels. The guideline of estoppels is material when the depending or the abused party acts, depending on the portrayal and endure harms in light of the fact that the direct of the representor was not in predictable with his portrayal (Andrews 2016). Contentions of the gatherings and investigation In the referenced case, both the gatherings propelled their disputes under the steady gaze of the full court of the Federal Court. Wellcome contended that Mobil initiated them to affirm their interest and yearly deciding by giving them a handout, tape and directing territorial gathering. He likewise guaranteed that the lead of Mobil was totally deceptive. With all due respect, Mobil contended that their delegates said that they have work to do which suggested that they were taking a shot at the plan offered to topic and that it was only on the formative stage. He further contended that the offer was absolutely at the tact of the establishments and was not constrained. In addition, the plan was positive for the two gatherings to the contest and the plan didn't make any impairment the establishments either (Frey 2015). Moreover, since there was no thought as it was a one-sided contract and in this way, under these type of agreements, just when the offeree plays out their piece of the commitments, the offeror gets legal committed to satisfy his piece of the agreement (Bishop 2014). Here, as per the plan, if improvement were accomplished to the degree of 90% for a time of 6 years, they would get qualified with the expectation of complimentary nine-year reestablishment of their establishments. Along these lines, acknowledgment for this situation would be finished of the establishments accomplished 90% improvement toward the finish of 6 years; consequently, Mobil asserted that he was allowed to renounce the offer. The Federal Court of Australia was of the sentiment that so as to protect the offeree who have depended upon the guarantee made by the oferror from being misused by the offeror, the accompanying elements must be mulled over. One must consider the degree of execution by the offeree, that is, equity will fluctuate between an offeree who has finished one percent of the necessary execution and an offerree who has finished 99 percent of the presentation. Further, according to the general principle of one-sided contracts, if an offeree has just started his exhibition, the offeror can't renounce the offer. An offeror is banned from revocating the offer if the offeree has depended on the guarantee or has fundamentally finished the specified presentation. The court opined that the franchisee as of now began to play out their piece of the commitments so as to accomplish elevated expectation to upgrade the proficiency in the business. The court scrutinized the proposal that whether the franchisee have begun to play out their piece of the commitment as required by the proposal in the principal year, a month, a week or even a day, it will consider to infer that they have started the presentation to accomplish 90% inside 6 years. The inquiry that emerges is does it tie Mobil not to disavow the offer. Court result Under one-sided contracts, acknowledgment is supposed to be finished, if the offeree satisfies their piece of the commitment (Frey 2015). In the referenced case, the renouncement made by Mobil with respect to the offer was considered by the franchisees to be a fragmented demonstration of acknowledgment (Frazer and Terry 2015). As indicated by the Trial Judge, when the offeror makes an offer, which expects execution to be a demonstration of acknowledgment, the offeror can't renounce the offer if the offeree has begun satisfying his commitment. Notwithstanding, the Full Court didn't concur with the choice given by the Trial judge. The full court held that in specific cases, there might be a suggested auxiliary one-sided contract wherein the offerror guarantees the offeree that the offer will not be denied once the offeree begins beginning the presentation required by the offer (Jackson 2015). In any case, this doesn't suggest that the first offer can't be renounced and there is no widespread recommendation as with the end goal that an offeror can't repudiate any offer once the offeree begins to play out his piece of the commitment, in this way finishing the demonstration of acknowledgment. The Full court of the Federal court held that the Mobil didn't make a proposal to the franchisee and gave its ruling against Wellcome expressing the grounds of its choice. The court attested that the delegate, Mr. Lurches, made his point understood that after Mobil proposed the plan, the franchisee said that they have been taking a shot at it, which inferred that the plan was at its advancement stage. In addition, the dedication made by the franchisee to discover a way was excessively questionable and needed assurance, which is basic so as to make a legitimate authoritative commitment. In this manner, there was no offer made by Mobil to the Franchisee. The court additionally expressed that under certain one-sided gets, an individual is kept from repudiating an offer except if there is a penetrate of agreement as disavowing an agreement that has been penetrated, offers ascend to renouncement (O'Sullivan and Hilliard 2016). Where the offeree followed up on depending upon the guarantee of the offeror and the lead of the offeror makes harm the offer

Nationalism Essay Example

Patriotism Essay Patriotism from the beginning of time and the Modern Age With research and assets you will find out about Nationalism since the beginning and the Modern Age. Patriotism since it is a political thought that includes an intense acknowledgment of a lot of people by method of a political being characterized in nationalized conditions, for instance a country. Furthermore, Modernity, since it is a make a move of why and how thing create and progress entirely through history. On account of these progressions happening permits us to exist in a cutting edge society. Advancement is identifying with the history or characteristics of a period reaching out from an important remote past to the here and now â€Å"Since the term Modern is utilized to depict a wide scope of periods, any meaning of innovation must record for the setting being referred to. Current can mean all of post-medieval European history, with regards to separating history into three huge ages: Antiquity, Medieval, and Modern. In like manner, it is frequently used to depict the Euro-American culture that emerges out of the Enlightenment and proceeds somehow or another into the present. The term Modern is likewise applied to the period starting somewhere close to 1870 and 1910, through the present, and significantly more explicitly to the 1910-1960 periods†. Patriotism is the thing that most gatherings of citizen’s feel for their nations a feeling of dedication, devotion. To the residents their nation is the best it is a feeling of pride â€Å"What does the term country mean? In what ways is it particular, if by any stretch of the imagination, from firmly related terms like state, individuals, and ethnic group† (418-423). Patriotism since forever and the Modern Age We will compose a custom exposition test on Nationalism explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Nationalism explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Nationalism explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Patriotism is particularly current in that since the beginning to the current societies, innovation, are continually being examined and contrasted with the present â€Å"In ongoing years, the investigation of patriotism has pulled in developing consideration from researchers in a scope of controls human science, human studies, history, governmental issues, even writing and philosophy† . Patriotism is concentrated all through the course by contemplating Western civic establishments or societies from the early present day age to the Late Modern Age. All through history there have been instances of patriotism the biggest model being Wars in Germany, for example, World War II, when the Germans felt they were better then Jewish individuals. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day â€Å"So it was resolved to kill all the Protestants, and the arrangement was endorsed by the sovereign. They talked about for quite a while whether they should make a special case of the ruler of Navarre and the sovereign of Conde. All concurred that the ruler of Navarre ought to be saved by reason of the imperial pride and the new partnership. The duke of Guise, who was placed in full order of the endeavor, gathered around evening time a few skippers of the Catholic Swiss soldiers of fortune from the five little cantons, and a few authorities of French organizations, and revealed to them that it was the desire of the lord that, as indicated by Gods will, they should get revenge on the band of radicals while they had the brutes in the works. Triumph was simple and the goods extraordinary and to be gotten without threat. Patriotism since the beginning and the Modern Age The sign to begin the slaughter ought to be given by the ringer of the royal residence, and the imprints by which they ought to perceive each other in the murkiness were a touch of white cloth tied around the left arm and a white cross on the hat† . The start of Nationalism occurred during the early ages before we had states, and most nations were all the while creating, gatherings of religions (Catholic, Christian and so forth) are what individuals were faithful to and before innovation became as cutting edge as it is presently. One of the primary instances of Nationalism is when Christopher Columbus found America; he carried illness and servitude to the Native Americans making them lose their home and exposed to remorselessness treatment â€Å"It appears to me, that the individuals are cunning, and would be acceptable hirelings and I am of conclusion that they would promptly become Christians, as they seem to have no religion. They rapidly learn such words as are addressed them. On the off chance that it satisfies our Lord, I mean at my arrival to convey home six of them to your Highnesses, that they may gain proficiency with our language†. Prior to the Modern age, patriotism examined the early religions, the framing of states and nations, changes in innovations â€Å"Studying the nineteenth century around the contention between the way of life of the westernizing, cosmopolitan world class and the customs of the individuals, established all the more profoundly in their regions† . Patriotism from the beginning of time and the Modern Age As nations and states have become more grounded with government and building up their laws and convictions; Nationalism has additionally changed having been unwaveringness to religions it is more grounded through the individuals and their steadfastness for their nations, laws, religions in the Modern Age. During the Revolutionary War, in the event that one was found to agree with the dissidents, they were tormented, imprisoned, prohibited from their groups† Shadrack Furman, a free dark Virginian who worked for the British as a provisionary and guide, was caught by nationalist soldiers, given 500 lashes, and afterward blinded and rendered intellectually unhinged by a hatchet hit to the head† . At the point when a nation inside a nation pronounces freedom from the greater nation they are discovered traitorous to their motherland causing a war or an ethnic purging Bosnia, Serbia, Yugoslavia â€Å"They assaulted Bosniak-ruled town in eastern Bosnia, including Zvornik, Foca, and Visegrad, coercively removing Bosniak regular folks from the locale in a fierce procedure that later was distinguished as ethnic purifying. (Ethnic purging contrasts from annihilation in that its essential objective is the removal of a gathering of individuals from a topographical zone and not the genuine physical decimation of that gathering, despite the fact that the equivalent methodsincluding murder, assault, torment and persuasive displacementmay be utilized. )† . Patriotism from the beginning of time and the Modern Age Wars, assaults, Ethnic purifying are instances of patriotism of residents battling for their nations, religions and so on. A gathering that has a solid feeling of reliabilit y is Al-Qaeda. Their individuals assault others in their own nation, different nations by self destruction bombings â€Å"12 October, 2000, Attack on US warship in Yemen murders 17 mariners. Two self destruction aggressors slam a vessel conveying explosives into the USS Cole in Aden port executing 17 American mariners. In 2004 six speculated Al-Qaeda activists are accused in association of the assault by a Yemeni court. † . With the advancement of patriotism during the cutting edge age there have been numerous adjustments in the civic establishments of the world. A couple of those progressions are the individuals inside the civic establishments (women’s rights), the headway of innovation, and the compounding of wars. â€Å"For by far most of ladies in early present day Europe, the most significant change in their lives was marriage. The decision of a life partner, regardless of whether made without anyone else or their folks or a bigger family gathering, decided their social and financial status and spot of home. Separation was unlawful, living independently from a harsh life partner was illicit without court endorsement, and just way out of marriage was demise of a mate. No idea with regards to a women’s intellect† . Patriotism since the beginning and the Modern Age In the late present day age ladies are allowed to pick whom they wed, separate is lawful albeit not many religions despite everything dislike it, and most ladies have set off for college or know an exchange. As patriotism has developed the innovation has additionally developed in progression of fighting through the cutting edge age â€Å"Despite their apparent excitement for brutal unrest, Engels and numerous communists really came to fear the developing damaging intensity of present day war and the danger it presented to Western Civilization †. A significant motivation behind why patriotism is significant in the cutting edge age is the concentrating of early current age we can realize what civic establishments did and how they ran, and in the advanced age we can gain from them and expand upon what we realize. Patriotism has been seen from the beginning of time. During that time with the progressions of individuals, religions, innovation, the demonstrations of Nationalism have changed also. As you have perused the accompanying sources were utilized to decide these realities in light of the fact that, was a case of how later innovation and the unwaveringness of the individuals of the gathering have changed in the later Modern age. Burke, P. (1978) this was a case of the Modern age and how it influences the human advancements. was utilized to portray a portion of the savagery of picking the radical side during the Revolutionary war and what might occur on the off chance that you weren’t faithful to the nation. Patriotism since the beginning and the Modern Age this diary separates were a case of the early Modern age patriotism with the Native Americans taken for subjection and compelled to acknowledge Christianity over their religion on the off chance that they had one. Delanty, G. K. (2006). SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism . London: SAGE Publications. This statement was utilized for instance of how one of a kind patriotism is to the cutting edge age. This was a case of the Modern age and how it influences the human advancements. Gay, C. M. (1998). The Way of the (Modern) World: Or, Why Its Tempting to Live As If God Doesnt Exist. Great Rapids: Eerdmans. This statement was utilized to characterize the importance of advancement and give a model. rovide the case of an ethnic purging of the Protestants whom were bad for the enough for the nation or the residents, an early case of patriotism before the Moder

Senioritis Downfall - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Senioritis Downfall - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Senioritis Downfall Yesterday, I sent out two emails to incoming freshman (and I expect I will send out a few more before the end of summer) asking for more information on why their last semester grades had a serious decline. These are not fun emails, as these students are ones where there are serious issues with poor senior grades, and it is at a point where UGA might revoke the admissions offer. Generally, these are students with multiple D/F grades, and no stated issue concerning the grade decline. We send out an initial communication to these students in case there are personal issues that occurred during the senior year of which we are unaware, with our goal being to understand what has happened before we take any action. Just so you know, we do this for two reasons. First, any admitted student must still show that they are ready for UGA, and have maintained the academic standing that brought about the admission offer in the first place. Secondly, though, is that a severe drop in grades senior year has historically led to very poor grades in the freshman year at UGA, and this is not what UGA or the student really wants in starting off their college years. So, for all prospective students (especially rising seniors), please know that UGA looks at final grades, and senioritis is not an acceptable excuse for poor senior grades. I am not saying you need to make straight As senior year, but please make sure to keep up the strong work you are hopefully doing now. Please dont make me send you an email next summer!

Biography of Fredrick Douglass - 1294 Words

When you think of great Americans in our history there are countless that come to mind. Some immediately think of the many presidents we have had, others think of inventors, but what about the people that are in between – the people that fought for equality. Fredrick Douglass arguably had the greatest impact on American society, especially African American society, in the nineteenth century. Douglass is credited as being an abolitionist, author, editor, and diplomat. He used literature, books, newspapers, and even speeches, to leave a long lasting mark on our society. Douglass advised presidents and lectured to thousands about different causes, including women’s rights. A cause he felt a strong connection with was the abolishing of slavery, being that he was once a slave. Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey born into slavery in February 1818 in Talbot County, Maryland. The exact date of his birthday is unknown, although according to his book Narrative of the Life of an American Slave he chose to take February 14th being his birthday because his mother, whom died when he was about 10, referred to him as her â€Å"little valentine†. I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it. (Douglass) Douglass was the son of a slave mother and possibly his owner. (Foner pg 390) â€Å"The opinion was ... whispered that my master was my father; but of the correctness of this opinion I know nothing.† (Douglass) At a young age he was selected to liveShow MoreRelatedSlave And Citizen : The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesCarter Britton December 5, 2016 HIUS 221 – 005 Dr. Jones ‘Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass’ In this book Fredrick Douglass finds shows himself growing up as a slave in Baltimore, Maryland. He eventually escapes from his master and becomes a run away slave as he flees to the north. Douglass however is most popularly known for his pressure on the supreme court to obtain equal rights for African American citizens. He made huge advances in civil rights for his fellowRead MoreAnalysis Of Fredrick Douglass s If There Is No Struggle 1395 Words   |  6 PagesGrant Todd Mr. Sotak English 9 23 May, 2016 Activism within Fredrick Douglass â€Å"If there is no struggle, there is no progression,† is what Fredrick Douglass said during his speech at Canandaigua, New York During an event celebrating West Indian Emancipation Day (blackpast.org). This is saying that struggles and hardships need to happen to get anything accomplished. A lot of people today view Fredrick Douglass as a civil rights activist because the things he has achieved and the way he has positivelyRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave916 Words   |  4 Pages Narrative of The Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave In Fredrick Douglass’s a narrative, Narrative of The Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave, he narrates an account of his experiences in the dehumanizing institution of slavery. This American institution was strategically formatted to quench any resemblance of human dignity. Throughout, the narration of his life Fredrick Douglas, meticulously illustrates the methodical process that contributed to the perpetual state of slaveryRead MoreThe Fredrick Douglass Journey. Fredrick Douglass Was Well1355 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fredrick Douglass journey Fredrick Douglass was well known abolitionist know for influence on the black community through his stories from moving around during the slave journey, his escape, and his rise to being an abolitionist. Not many people believed that Douglass was a slave, many people just believed for him to be another abolitionist that preached about slavery but never been through it. So, he decided it was his job to make his story known. Using his biographies we see that Fredrick DouglassRead MoreMightier Than The Sword By Harriet Beecher Stowe1353 Words   |  6 Pagesand nineteenth centuries, it was so much of a sensitive issue that it was one of the primary causes that split up the United States in half and divided the nation causing a civil war. During the time, both the stories of Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the biography of Harriet Beecher Stowe refuted the pro-slavery argument by somewhat igniting a flame in Americans minds and causing them to realize that the economic and political effect s of slavery weren’t enough to justify it. In addition, the story within theRead MoreFrederick Douglass : A Revolutionary Leader And Pioneer1617 Words   |  7 PagesLife histoory of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass, social reformer of an African American descent, was an orator, writer, statesman, abolitionist movement leader. He was born in 1818 in Talbot County in the United States in the area of Maryland. He gained prominence because of his extraordinary oratory skills. His antislavery writings were appreciated across America, particularly when he pointed out that the slaves lacked the basic intellectual rights to perform as the independent AmericanRead MoreEssay on Did Gender Make a Difference within Slavery?803 Words   |  4 PagesWithin slavery there were harsh conditions which Frederick Douglass tries to convey in his biography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Within this narrative he dezribes how men and women slaves were treated differently by their masters. Women were abused by their master, physically, sexually, and mentally, while men were mostly abused physically and mentally. Many slave women suffered regular beatings. Frederick Douglass mentions several different instances where female slavesRead More America Should Pay Reparations to African Americans Essay1167 Words   |  5 Pages it has suffered and continues to endure. Paying reparations to the descendants of African American slaves would bring about a tremendous improvement for the advancement of Black America. (Douglass, Fredrick, 1845, Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass). White Americans have profited from education, life experiences, riches that were handed down by their ancestors. As well, African Americans have been handed down the hardship of race-related issues, poverty, and theRead MoreReparations: African Americans Justice1190 Words   |  5 Pages Pongee Bryant it has suffered and continues to endure. Paying reparations to the descendants of African American slaves would bring about a tremendous improvement for the advancement of Black America. (Douglass, Fredrick, 1845, Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass). White Americans have profited from education, life experiences, riches that were handed down by their ancestors. As well, African Americans have been handed down the hardship of race-related issues, poverty, andRead MoreEssay about The Legacy of Harriet Tubman1746 Words   |  7 Pagesjobs such as working as a house servant and later on she worked in the cotton fields. â€Å"Physical violence was a part of daily life for Tubman and her family. The violence she suffered early in life caused permanent physical injuries† (Harriet Tubman Biography). At the age of twelve, Tubman has an incident that effected her severely. She had narcolepsy, also known as sleeping spells, which would make her be able to fall asleep at any time or place, that was caused by a severe hit to the head by a two pound

The Nominative Case in Russian Usage and Examples

The nominative case in Russian—Ð ¸Ã ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã µÃ ¶ (imeNEEtelny paDYEZH)—is the basic case and serves to identify the subject of a verb. All nouns and pronouns in Russian dictionaries are given in the nominative case. This case answers the questions Ð ºÃ'‚Ð ¾/Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ (ktoh/chtoh), which translate as who/what. Quick Tip The nominative case in Russian identifies the subject of a sentence and answers the questions Ð ºÃ'‚Ð ¾/Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ (ktoh/chtoh), meaning who/what. Its equivalent in English is any noun or pronoun that is the subject of a verb. When to Use the Nominative Case The nominative case can be dependent or independent. Independent Nominative Case The independent nominative case can be used as: The subject of a sentence (fulfills the nominative function) Examples: - Ð Ã ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã'  Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ´Ã'ŠÐ µÃ'…Ð °Ã ». (afTOboos padYEkhal)- The bus arrived. - ЛÐ °Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã ° Ð ·Ã °Ã ¶Ã ³Ã »Ã °Ã' Ã'Å'. (LAMpah zazhGLAS)- The lamp/light came on. In both of these sentences, the noun is in the nominative case and is the subject of the sentence. A noun or pronoun in a one-word nominative sentence (fulfills the nominative function) Examples: - Ð Ã ¾Ã'‡Ã'Å'. (noch)- Night. - Ðâ€"Ð ¸Ã ¼Ã °. (zeeMAH)- Winter. A vocative, that is, a word or a sentence that is used to address someone directly, usually by their name, using intonation to include emphasis or specific meaning. Examples: - Ð Ã °Ã'‚Ð °Ã'ˆÐ °, Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ·Ã'Å'Ð ¼Ã ¸ Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ºÃ'Æ'. (naTAsha, vazMEE TROOPkoo)- Natasha, pick up (the phone). - ЛÃ'‘Ã'ˆÐ °! (LYOsha!)- Lyosha! (affectionate or shortened form of the name Alexei) Dependent Nominative Case The dependent nominative case is used as: Part of a complex nominative predicate, meaning that a noun or a pronoun is used together with a verb to form a predicate. Sometimes the verb itself is replaced with an em dash. Examples: - КÐ ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ'† – Ð ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Æ' Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã µÃ'†. (kaNYETS - DYEloo VYEnets)- All is well that ends well. - ОÐ ½ – Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'. (OHN - ooCHEEtel)- He is a teacher. As an additional nominative (Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ - prilaZHEniye), which is a noun or a pronoun that adds information to another noun, including proper names. Examples: - ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã »Ã µÃ ³Ã °-Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ½ Ð ½Ã µ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã ¸Ã » Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã ·Ã ´Ã'‹Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'. (moy kaLYEga-angliCHAnin ny lyuBIL aPAZdyvat)- My colleague the Englishman didnt like to be late. - Ðâ€"Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ½Ã °Ã » Ð Ã'Å'Ã'Ž-ЙÐ ¾Ã'€Ð ºÃ µÃ'€ Ð ½Ã °Ã ¿Ã µÃ'‡Ð °Ã'‚Ð °Ã » Ð µÃ'‘ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã'Ž. (zhoorNAL New-Yorker napyCHAtal yeYOH statYUH)- The New Yorker Magazine published her article. Nominative Case Endings What Are Declensions? Before we look at the endings in the nominative case, it is important to understand what we mean by declensions in the Russian language. Most Russian parts of speech, including nouns, are declined by numbers (singular/plural), cases, and sometimes genders. When deciding which ending to use when declining a noun by case, you should look at what declension it is rather than what gender, as it is the declension that will determine the correct ending. There are three main noun declensions in Russian: 1st Declension: Includes all feminine nouns that end in Ð °/Ã'  as well as masculine and common nouns that end in Ð °/Ã'  when in the singular nominative form. Example: - Ð ´Ã µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ºÃ ° (DYEvachka)- A girl 2nd Declension: Includes masculine nouns that have a zero ending in the singular nominative form and neuter nouns that end in Ð ¾/Ð µ in singular nominative form. A zero ending is an ending that is not present in a words current form, although other endings are present in the words other forms. Example: - Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'Å' (singular, masculine, ending in a zero ending). (kon)- A horse 3rd Declension: Feminine nouns with a zero ending in the singular nominative form. Example: - Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‡Ã'Å' (singular, feminine, ending in a zero ending). (pyech)- A stove Additionally, a group of nouns that change their endings outside of the usual rules are called heteroclitic and can be considered to form a fourth declension. Declension (Ð ¡Ã ºÃ »Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ) Singular (ЕÐ ´Ã ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã' Ã »Ã ¾) Examples Plural (ÐÅ"Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã' Ã »Ã ¾) Examples First declension -Ð °, -Ã'  Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã'Å'Ã'  (semYA) - family, feminineÐ ¿Ã °Ã ¿Ã ° (PApa) - Dad, masculine -Ã'‹, -Ð ¸ Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã'Å'Ð ¸ (SYEMyee) - families, feminine, pluralÐ ¿Ã °Ã ¿Ã'‹ (PApy) - Dads,masculine, plural Second declension "zero ending," -Ð ¾, -Ð µ Ã' Ã'‚oÐ » (stol) - table, masculine, "zero ending"Ð ¾Ã ºÃ ½Ã ¾ (akNOH) - window, neuter -Ã'‹, -Ð ¸, -Ð °, -Ã'  Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã »Ã'‹ (staLYH) - tables, masculine,pluralÐ ¾Ã ºÃ ½Ã ° (OKnah) - windows, neuter, plural Third declension "zero ending" Ð ½Ã ¾Ã'‡Ã'Å' (noch) - night, feminine, "zero ending" -Ð ¸ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ¸ (NOchi) - nigths, feminine, plural Heteroclitic nouns -Ã'  Ð ²Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã'  (VRYEmya) - time, neuter -Ð ° Ð ²Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ° (vyremeNAH) - times, neuter, plural Examples: - Ð Ã °Ã'ˆÐ ° Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã'Å'Ã'  Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'…Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã'€Ð µ. (NAsha syemYA LYUbit atdyHAT na MOrye)- My family likes to go on vacation to the seaside. - ДÐ ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã µÃ ´Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã »Ã °Ã' Ã'Å'. (dvyer MYEDlena atvaREElas)- The door opened slowly. - ÐÅ"Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã'Æ'. (my DOLga braDEEli pa GOradoo)- We wandered around the city for a long time. - Ð Ã °Ã'ˆÐ ¸ Ð ¿Ã °Ã ¿Ã'‹ - Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã' . (NAshi PApy - oochityeLYA)- Our Dads are teachers. - ПÐ µÃ'‡Ã'Å' Ð µÃ'‰Ð µ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¿Ã »Ã ¸Ã »Ã °Ã' Ã'Å'. (pyech yeSHO DOLga tyepLEElas)- The stove remained warm for a while longer. - КÐ °Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¿Ã »Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ¸ Ð ·Ã ´Ã µÃ' Ã'Å'! (kaKEEye TYOPlyye NOchi zdyes)- The nights are so warm here! - Ð’Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ° Ã' Ã µÃ ¹Ã'‡Ð °Ã'  Ã'‚Ð °Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ. (vryemeNAH syCHAS taKEEye)- These are the times now.

Agricultural_Development Free Essays

Before the start of the 20th century, the overwhelming majority of increases in agricultural production were the result of an increase in the amount of cultivated areas. However, the start of the 21st century has come to demand that nearly all increases in agricultural production result from the increased productivity of existing cultivated areas, thereby leaving an extremely window of time for countries to make the dramatic shift from a system of production that has long been based on resources to one that is based on science (Ruttan, 2001 p. 179). We will write a custom essay sample on Agricultural_Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now To quantify the shift in terms of population, as the global population neared $1 billion, the increased demand for agriculture was met by expanding farm land area. In sharp contrast, the population, and consequently the demand for agriculture, more than doubled after 1950. Virtually all of the demand, which suddenly doubled, was met by increasing farm productivity (Federico, 2005 p. 388). For developed countries, the shift from a most resource-based system to a science-based system began in the 19th century. But, unfortunately for developing countries, these changes did not begin to take place until the second half of the 20th century, thereby leaving the developing countries at a disadvantage because the demands place on agriculture had doubled by this time. Population and income growth were the underlying causes of this two-fold increase. Because demands are expected to rapidly double again, substantial and scientific and technical effort will be required in the world’s poorest in countries in order for them to complete the transition to the science-based system (Ruttan, 2001 p. 179). Since the 1950s, the overall understanding of agriculture’s role in economic development has increased. In the past, development economists in premodern and traditional societies viewed agriculture as static as sustained annual growth rates as low as 0.5 to 1% were feasible over extended periods. With industrialization, agricultural output growth rates increased to 1.5% to 2.5%, rates which were sustained for extended periods of time in Western Europe, North America, and Japan. Since 1950, growth rates have shifted further upward to 3%. This increase primarily took place in newly developing countries like Brazil, The People’s Republic of China, and Mexico. As output growth rates steadily increased, economists came to adopt the new view that agriculture was dynamic rather than static (Ruttan, 2001 p. 180). By 1960, the high-payoff input model merged as a new theory by which economists were attempting to understand agriculture. It took into consideration agroenvironmental constraints and is based on the conclusion that these constrains make agricultural technology location specific. For example, it was discovered that technologies that were developed in highly developed countries were generally not transferable to less developed countries which had different climates and resource endowments. Additionally, it appeared evident that because poor countries were not providing peasant farmers with technical and economic opportunities, reallocating resources in traditional peasant agriculture would only produce marginal productivity gains. Under the high-payoff input model, it was argued that developing economies could be transformed by investments from the public and private sectors to make high-payoff technical inputs available to poor farmers (Ruttan, 2001 p. 187). Between the 1970s and mid 1980s, Hayami, Ruttan ,and Binswanger developed a new agricultural model in which conditions in the economic system arose from technical and institutional change. This model was based on the recognition that there is more than one path to technological development. These different paths to development make it possible for a country to substitute more abundant factors for scarce factors. Techniques which allow for the substitution of other labor factors are termed â€Å"labor saving†, while techniques which facilitate the substitution of other land factors are referred to as â€Å"land saving†. Mechanical technology corresponds with labor saving technology, as it substitutes power and machinery for labor. Biological technology, which tends to substitute intensive production practices and industrial inputs for land, corresponds with land saving techniques. Chemical fertilizers, increased recycling of manures, pesticides, and pathogen-resistant crops are example of land saving technologies. Mechanical technology and mechanical processes were the driving force of the industrial revolution. But biological and chemical technologies became more prominent in the latter half of the 20th century (Ruttan, 2001 p. 188, 190). How to cite Agricultural_Development, Papers

Hamilton Wong, In-Charge Accountant free essay sample

If I was in Hamilton Wong’s position, I think I would report all of the time I spent working on the Wille Lomas audit, even if it exceeded the budget. As an accountant, my ethical responsibility is to be honest and have integrity and by not reporting the actual amount of time I worked on the audit, I would be lying. I will be losing my honesty and integrity if I was not to report the actual amount of worked I did. I would first have to evaluate why it is that I am spending a large amount of time on that part of the audit; is it because I am not managing my time efficiently or because a situation arise with regards to the examination or the documents. I would then talk to my manager and let them know the reasons for which I will be going over the budget. The manager would be able to find a solution to not go too much over budget or he or she will be able to talk to the client about the situation. The second reason why I would report all of the time I spend working on the audit will be because if an inquiry was to arise, I would be able to demonstrate all the worked I did on the engagement. Documentation and paper trail is a big part of the audit, therefore it will be very important to keep proper tacking of who worked on what and how much time was spend working on the engagement. Although Lauren Hutchinson is not doing anything illegal, I do believe that she behaved unethically by underreporting the time she worked on the Willie Lomax engagement. Lauren is lying about the spent time working on the engagement and therefore is not been honest, which is a responsibility of an accountant and auditor. Lauren was lying to her managers and to the client. The manager will be under the perception that Lauren is more efficient than others, even to the point of going under budget, and will be more likely to give her the promotion. I see this as unethical because it is an unfair advantage over the other audit staff. Lauren will also be lying to client, who will misrepresent the efficiency of the audit. This could bring problems in the future when Lauren cannot â€Å"eat† so much time or when the audit staff is rotated. 2. Academic research suggests that underreported time on audit engagements is a common practice. What are the key objectives of tracking hours worked by individual accounts or assignments on audit engagements? What implications does the underreporting of time have for individual auditors, their colleagues, and the overall quality of independence audits? One of the key objectives of tracking the hours worked by individual accounts assignments on an audit is to have documentation to show the client why they are charging them what they are been billed and how much time was spent in their audit engagement. This way the client can clearly see that all the time reported and charged to them was actually worked in certain part of their engagement. Another objective of tracking hours is to show how much time was spent on individual accounts and determine which accounts require more time. This will alert for staff and managers to assess that account and investigate why so much time it is spent on that account. This process could possibly make the manager aware that there could be a problem with such account. Another objective of tracking the hours is to measure the efficient of the staff working on the audit. Some auditors might be misusing their time and others could be underreporting their time. This could be beneficial for mangers when they need to assess the staff auditors and help them during promotions. However, this could be a problem as we saw in the case with Lauren. This leads me to one of the implications of underreporting time. Colleagues can be affected because a person who underreports time, like Lauren, could possibly get an unfair promotion. Managers will evaluate how an individual performs based on the budgets, thus a person who underreports time spend working on an engagement will seem more efficient than other employees. In the case of Hamilton, if he reports all of his hours and Lauren does not, it will seem as if she was more efficient than him and is more likely to get the promotion. If Lauren can underreport her hours and get away with it, even benefiting by getting the promotion, her colleagues and other auditors will think it is acceptable to underreport their hours. This will result in even more unethical behavior by their colleagues and other individual auditors. Hamilton, for example, will feel that he could possibly get away with underreporting his hours since he is the timekeeper and someone else is doing it. Hamilton will not see his behavior as unethical but rather as an opportunity to level the playing field with Lauren in competing for the promotion. Therefore, if the unethical act of underreporting time continues without the individual been reprimanded, more auditors will be likely to follow Lauren’s example, creating an unethical work place. Underreporting time will also have an implication on the overall quality of the independent audits. If auditors realize they are spending more time than what was budgeted for a certain audit engagement, they will begin to cut corners and find other solutions to fall within budget. If auditors are more focused on meeting the budget, they might do their jobs in a rush manner, and possibly missing errors. Detecting errors is one of the responsibilities of the auditor, thus by cutting corners, and auditor can possibly violate their auditor’s responsibility. In the end, the quality of the audit will be low, which will not be good for the client; and not good for the firm in the long run. It is good to have auditors who are efficient but it becomes a problem when the quality of the audit drops. 3. What measures can accounting firms take to ensure that time budgets do not interfere with the successful completion of an audit or become dysfunctional in other ways? One measure accounting firms can take to ensure that time budgets do not interfere with the successful completion of an audit will be to decrease the focus on the time budget and raise the focus on the quality of the audit. Allowing flexibility in the time budget will give the auditors an incentive to be more honest about the time they actually spent on the engagement. If auditors are not so worried about meeting time budget, they can place their focus on the quality of the audit and will possibly do a better job. This will create an ethical work environment and reduce dilemmas like the one Hamilton is faced with. Having a flexible time budget could become a problem when presenting the budget to the client. However, I believe it could help in the completion of a successful audit. Another measure accounting firms can take to reduce interference of time budgets on the completion of successful audits is to create consequences for those who violate the code of ethics. If firms create penalties for those who falsify or lie on their time budgets, auditors will be less willing to underreport time. 4. What measures can accounting firms take to reduce the likelihood that personal rivalries among auditors of the same rank will become dysfunctional? One measure accounting firms can take to reduce the likelihood or rivalries among auditors of the same rank become dysfunctional is to create a better and more ethical work environment. If the firm takes measures to reduce the act of underreporting time, all auditors might be more ethical and will understand no one has a certain advantage over another. If auditors realize they all have a level playing field, personal rivalries will lessen and the audit will be successfully completed. In Hamilton’s case, he realizes that Lauren has an unfair advantage over him and might be willing to underreport his time; if this continues among all auditors, the work environment will become dysfunctional and the audit will not be completed successfully or with high quality. Another measure accounting firms can take to prevent personal rivalries is to implement clear policies about unethical behavior and fair incentives. If auditors perceive a fair playing field among all colleagues, they will be motivated to be more ethical and put personal rivalries aside, which will result in a successful completion of an audit.